GHD | Oceana Gold (New Zealand) Limited | 12537997 | Gladstone Pit TSF 13 2.4.3 Deep groundwater system Groundwater present within the deeper andesite rock underlying the shallow groundwater system predominantly flows through secondary porosity features, with the vein system providing sub-vertical conduits for groundwater movement. Away from fault zones and vein systems, the deep rock mass has very low permeability. Piezometer monitoring has demonstrated the presence of downward vertical hydraulic gradients as the shallow groundwater recharges the deep groundwater system. These downwards vertical hydraulic gradients increase with depth.
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